Hard disk types: Get to know the main ones!

Do you need to buy hard disks? All right, we all have needs in life.

Are you clear about what you need them for? Great, that’s where it starts.

Don’t you have a clear choice of hard disk types? Maybe we can give you some clues…

The choice of hard disks depends, specially, on the use you are going to make of them. You may need them for servers or databases, or for high-performance environments. But it is also possible that you only want them to save on your home computer Petabytes of videos of the dancing parrot.

In this article we are going to know the main types of hard disk that exist nowadays. Let’s go!

Hard disk types. A brief introduction

Before going into greater depths we have to say that hard disks are basically divided into 2 categories: HDD and SSD.

When distinguishing between classes of hard disks, these can also be distinguished depending on the type of connectors they use. Thus, we talk about modalities such as SATA, SCSI or SAS, among others.

In fact, we could even use other criteria to classify the types of hard disk, such as where they are (internal or external) or even what they are used for, but in this article we are going to keep the first two.

Next we will see what each type of hard disk consists of. However, one thing to keep in mind is that both HDDs and SSDs will be able to use different types of connectors.

Hard Disk Types: HDD and SSD

HDD Hard Disks

We know by HDD (Hard Drive Disk) the traditional mechanical hard disks that record information magnetically on one or several platters. HDDs are made up of mechanical parts; they basically consist of one or more hard disks that rotate at high speed (thousands of RPMs) around an axle, inside a box. On each disc, a head reads or records data on each of its faces.

So that you can visualize it simply, it would be something like a small turntable stored inside a box (saving distances).

HDDs have been the most widely used discs in recent decades. More economical, durable, and with ever-increasing storage capacities, HDDs have reigned as storage devices for decades, and even though they have been a tough competitor in SSDs, they are still widely accepted.

Solid State Disks (SSD)

They are a recent novelty, and every day they have more followers. Actually, when we talk about SSD (Solid State Drive), we’re not talking about a “hard drive” as such. However, since they share their primary purpose, which is to store data, they are also often called “hard drives”.

The structure of SSD devices has little or nothing to do with the classic HDD, so they are only called “hard drives” because they are dedicated to similar functions. SSDs are not, in fact, disks, and lack mechanical parts; on the contrary, they have their own microprocessor (called a “controller”) that takes care of data reading/writing tasks, and stores the data in microchips that have interconnected flash memories.

For the last few years SSD hard drives have been very successful thanks to their higher speed. However, they also have some disadvantages, such as their price and lower storage capacity. So some people go for the solution of using an SSD hard drive to run the operating system and use an HDD for data storage.

Types of hard disk according to their connectors

Serial ATA (SATA) hard disks

In its different versions, the most current is version III, these are the most common hard drives in home computers, if you are accessing this article through a laptop or desktop computer is likely to be the type of hard drive that is working in your computer.

The Serial ATA uses a serial connector for data transmission and in its version III reaches speeds of about 600 Mb/s.

As we said, these are the hard drive connectors that have been most popular in recent years. Both their price and their data transmission speed have made them very popular.

SCSI or SAS hard disks

These are professional hard drive connectors that are typically found in high performance environments.

They are usually installed in RAID and are inside racks or blades.

One of their main features is that they are able to replace other similar hard disks (which, for example, have broken down), without having to shut down the computer, which will help the service to continue operating without an interruption.

Let’s get monitoring!

And now that we’ve seen some of the main hard disk types out there, how about taking a few minutes to discover something as important as system monitoring?

Monitoring systems are responsible for monitoring computer systems (hardware, networks and communications, operating systems or applications, for example) in order to analyse their operation and performance, and to detect and warn of possible errors.

And if we talk about monitoring, of course, we should talk about Pandora FMS. Pandora FMS is a flexible monitoring software, capable of monitoring devices, infrastructures, applications, services and business processes.

Of course, one of the things that Pandora FMS can monitor are the hard disks of your computers.

Vagrant File: Working with virtual IDE’s

An Integrated Development Environment is like the personal office of every software programmer, because we have all the components in order to focus on the task. Today everything is oriented towards web applications and in a previous article we mentioned how large companies have taken advantage to offer such services quickly, in what have become known as “Architecture without server”, euphemistically. For these cases we tell you that a Vagrant File could be developed to simulate this environment without a server to perform tests, saving time and money before hiring these services and creating our web application.

In this article we will show you how the field of programming has evolved, always with concise narratives and additional links.

In the 20th century…

Computers were expensive, even more than today; so many of us didn’t have computers at home. Those were simpler times, and mobile phones were only used by our bosses, so when we left the office we were really disconnected and could get by without Internet. But when we turned on our computer to program we had already placed all the variables -and programs- necessary to begin our work. We had to have the whole programming environment set up and ready.

In those days, going to the office physically was common, but now, it’s not.

In this 21st century

Now programmers can work remotely and for several clients or companies from anywhere, but such flexibility brings the dreaded thing of “it works on my machine”, but not on that of other developers who work with us. Virtual machines have solved, in part, this problem and even its complexity has increased exponentially with the networks defined by software.

As we said, each application is unique and its components can become very unique or specific. All of the above may not fully meet our needs, but it is not yet time to say goodbye to our personal computers, at least not in our profession.

Vagrant File

Continuous Software Release and Continuous Integration have taken the demands much further to meet deadlines and goals: we must copy from the repositories the algorithms we are working on, to make very specific modifications and then return them to the common cause. Whether we are in America or Europe we must always be ready for any work, and this is where the Vagrant File comes in.

A Vagrant File describes both an operating system and the provisioning and also configuration of a development environment. For the programmers it is a complete and rather tedious work: it takes away our energy to program. With a Vagrant File created and adapted by all the members of the team, not only will we have a development environment, we will also have an environment identical to the one used in production, a task that we will do in a single opportunity in the device where we usually work.

Installing Vagrant

To install any Vagrant File we will first need to have VirtualBox installed, and in our case we use Debian/Ubuntu. Once we have installed this hypervisor we can proceed to install Vagrant. In a GNU/Linux environment it is common to use apt-get install vagrant or for CentOS and related yum install vagrant, but if you have a problem it is better to download the installation packages directly from the official site rather than the default repositories of your operating system. At the time of writing this post the supported platforms are as follows:

• Linux (64 bits, package in AppImage format, which is very appreciated by Linus Torvalds, creator of Linux, who explains how it works)
• Debian (32-bit and 64-bit, package in .deb format)
• Microsoft Windows® (32-bit and 64-bit)
• CentOS® (32-bit and 64-bit, .rpm package)
• macOS® (32-bit and 64-bit, .dmg package)
• ArchLinux (64 bits, package in .tar.xz format)

First steps

The first thing we run is the vagrant -v command in a terminal window, to see which version we have installed (2.1.2, to date). Then we will be able to choose the operating system we are going to use; in Pandora FMS the selected one is CentOS 7, so we will create in our user documents a folder called vagrant-home:

# mkdir ~/vagrant-home 
# cd ~/vagrant-home 
# vagrant init centos/7

This is where we need to be patient: we proceed to download an image of the desired provider, in this case a Content Delivery Network (CDN) from vagrantcloud.com:

It is fair to say at this time that many companies have collaborated by publishing each by their own means an image file for different hypervisors. In the case of CentOS we have for Microsoft Hyper-V®, Libvirt, VMWare Fusion® and, of course, for VirtualBox.

Do we need a Percona database? We can search VagrantUp for a Vagrant Archive that suits our needs, or we can create our own Vagrant Archives and share them!

Finally using a Vagrant File

Now we will do all our work of server configuration management with a Vagrant File and we will start by reviewing the one we just created… When? Well, when we issued the vagrant up order in our vagrant-home folder:

All the lines are commented, except the one that describes the virtual machine; there we can quickly change anything we need (IP address, listening ports to connect via SSH, etc.). For now we’ll use the vagrant halt order to shut down our machine.

The “mantra” of Vagrant

The idea is, by means of a Vagrant File that we get to download a virtual machine and, in addition, with additional instructions to carry out the provisioning and configuration of a development environment (or of production). This way we will have our own machine, we will turn on and off, and if at a certain moment we want to restart and start again we will use vagrant destroy.

Remember to save OUTSIDE the virtual machine all your work, or if you use Git apply the command git push; in Pandora FMS we use GitHub to store the source code since 2014.

Working with Vagrant

How do we connect to our Vagrant File (as we saw, this file is the core of the matter)? Because always located in our folder to that effect created, we introduce vagrant ssh and we will be connected to begin our work.

Do we want to connect in a “normal” way, as we have always done? The only change human beings like is the diaper change; if we want to connect with the command, ssh, first we must run vagrant ssh-config to know the configuration we will use.

Monitoring Vagrant

From the SSH connection we can add the parameter “-o LogLevel=VERBOSE” to know what happens with our connection (by default it is configured to “FATAL”, the other possible values are QUIET, FATAL, ERROR, INFO, VERBOSE, DEBUG, DEBUG1, DEBUG2 and DEBUG3). Also for logs, if we use VirtualBox, they are located at
“~/VirtualBox VMs/vagrant-nombre_de_nuestra_carpeta_default_XXX/Logs/VBox.log” in a very particular format… But before going deeper into that, we tell you that it is just the tip of the iceberg, because it only shows us the record of SSH connections and perhaps we should aim higher.

To keep track of the boot of our virtual machines we must use the parameter “–debug”to be able to get all the details of each boot and shutdown:

Note: always “VBox.log” will contain the last record, the previous ones will be listed and kept and if we want to monitor we must automate so that it always reads the record after a “vagrant halt” or “vagrant destroy”. The other possible values are: info, warn and error. If we want to save absolutely all the startup record we must send all the output to a file in the same folder where we run: “vagrant up –debug &> nuestro_registro.log” (the debug parameter has two dashes as prefix).

Any information we send you to register may contain personal information and/or sensitive data of the device where you are running Vagrant. Be careful.

Using Pandora FMS as a monitoring tool

We saw that Vagrant has a very particular way of keeping records. Therefore, the default option we have to monitor with Pandora FMS is like any other device, either installing a Software Agent or performing a Remote Monitoring, having the foresight to provide an IP address to the Vagrant virtual machine to communicate with the Pandora FMS server, central or satellite.

A few steps beyond

Once we have experienced working with third party Vagrant Files, it will be time to create our own well-customized virtual machines to share with our colleagues. To do this, we must use Packer, a tool specially designed for such tasks.

When we are very experienced we can even review the logs without having to connect via SSH through a very elaborate artifice called codeyourinfra, which consists of an Apache web server with Jenkins, which will allow us reading access.

Don’t hesitate to contact us in Pandora FMS to start working in your company or office. We have years of experience and a well-qualified team at an international level.

What is and how to install WSL2 and why is it great news for IT?

Background

Before diving into what WSL2 is, how to install it, and how to use it – which we will – I would like to add some background information you might relate to if you were born in the 80s like me.

From a very young age I have felt attracted to computers, and in my childhood they were not as common as they are today, when almost everyone has one within reach.

I think my first encounter with a computer was when I was 11 or 12 years old, with an old computer that my father had in his office. I remember spending hours in front of the screen, although I’m not quite sure what I was doing, because at that time there was no internet.

That old computer had Windows 3.1; my first computer also meant my first Operating System was Windows, which I used in all its versions (and I will also spoil that I still use it). From then on I kept on using it, in fact, I didn’t know about anything else until I got to college and some friends told me about Linux (Mac was not an alternative for me).

Since I met Linux I fell in love with the penguin operating system, its philosophy and its fantastic terminal, so I started testing it on my home computer, with all the compatibility issues it involved at the time, when you spent half a day installing and two more looking for drivers. However it was a new experience and, although frustrating, totally rewarding when you achieved this sense of accomplishment. Of course, for me it was no more than an experiment for many years.

Half of my professional life revolved around Windows, from my first jobs as a microcomputer technician to managing servers and services based on Microsoft OS. I even studied at a Microsoft partner academy and got certified in Microsoft Windows Server 2012. It wasn’t until early 2013 that I had my first professional experience with Linux on an old web server that someone had to maintain. Indeed, that someone was me and I devoted many more hours than necessary to that lonely server.

Like many of you, I find myself in the following position: I love Linux and its ecosystem but it seems to me that Microsoft does a very good job on its OS and, for some reason, I always end up coming back to it. The ideal thing would be to have the best of both worlds. I’ve tried dual boot, virtualization, and cwin, but none felt like a full experience. I thought it was the best I could get even if it wasn’t ideal and just moved on, until Microsoft announced WSL.

What is WSL?

WSL stands for Windows Subsystem for Linux, which was nothing more than a compatibility layer for native Linux environments within Windows. Its first version was announced in 2016 and it was big news. I remember having the Ubuntu 16.04 terminal running natively on Windows and thinking “this is what I’ve been waiting for, everything I need without losing compatibility”.

Unfortunately WSL, although very useful, had several shortcomings: all the executions were interpreted, there was no access to all the hardware of the machine, the overall performance was quite poor, etc. I didn’t stop using it, but it wasn’t suitable for everyone. Still, it was the first step. In 2019 they announced WSL2, which would no longer be interpreted, it would have the entire native Linux kernel and would be running on Windows at full performance. WSL2 was recently released for all Windows 10 2004 version users. It seems that having everything I needed is now becoming a reality. It’s not perfect, that’s for sure, but it’s impressive how well it works.

Why WSL2 and not a Linux distro?

“It depends”, that’s the answer. Many of you, due to company policies, will not be able to change the OS of your computer or will be stuck with Windows for using the Office suite or Adobe tools, or even because you feel more comfortable on Windows rather than Linux.

In my case, I have the freedom to choose the operating system I use, my company does not enforce any restrictions as long as it stays updated and has an antivirus active. I have tried using Linux straight away and in the end I always have to go back to Windows or virtualize it and I prefer to virtualize Linux on Windows rather than the other way around.

In my day to day I have many different tasks, although I have a WSL2 terminal always open on one of my virtual desktops, I spend half of the day in meetings with different providers (webex on Linux is a nightmare). I use different VPNs and virtual client desktops, I edit videos for Pandora FMS YouTube channel, etc. And I do many of these things with tools that do not work quite well in Linux, so WSL2 has given me the almost perfect solution for my daily tasks.

(If you think you would be interested in reading an article about my workflow and all the tools I use, leave a message in the comment box).

Deploy WSL2

If you are here, it is because you relate to one of the cases here exposed. Installing WSL2 is very simple, but let’s go step by step.

Remember that you must have Windows 10 version 2004 or higher to be able to use WSL2.

Checking it is as simple as pressing the start key, typing winver and pressing enter.

It will show you a screen like this, where you will see Windows 10 version.

If you comply with the correct Windows version, let’s get to work. If not, it is time to go update Windows.

Step 1: Enable WSL on your system.

The easiest way is to open a PowerShell terminal as administrator and run:

dism.exe /online /enable-feature /featurename:Microsoft-Windows-Subsystem-Linux /all /norestart

Don’t close the terminal or restart yet.

Step 2: Enable virtualization.

Execute the following command in the PowerShell terminal open as Admin.

dism.exe /online /enable-feature /featurename:VirtualMachinePlatform /all /norestart

Now restart the machine.

Step 3: Activate WSL version 2 as default.

Open a PowerShell terminal again as administrator and execute:

wsl --set-default-version 2

You will see a message similar to: “WSL 2 requires an update to its kernel component. For information, please visit https://aka.ms/wsl2kernel”. Go to the URL and download the package following the wizard steps.

Step 4: Download the distro, preferably from Windows store. Type in wsl in the search engine so that the options come out (personally I use Arch, but it is not in the store so it is a bit more complicated to install). I recommend installing Ubuntu, the first to be released and in my opinion the one with the most covering support.

Once downloaded, open it and the distro installation will start. It will ask for the username and password. For the Linux system you can set the one you prefer, it has nothing to do with the Windows user.

Once the installation is finished, you will see a screen similar to the following and the prompt ready to use Ubuntu bash.

Step 5: Check the installation from a PowerShell terminal, executing:

wsl --list --verbose

Where it will list the distros installed and their versions. I already said that it used arch and yes I also have Windows running in WSL2 for Docker. In your case, it will show just the one that you have installed, in this case Ubuntu, and it would have to be version 2.

Conclusions

With these simple steps you will have Ubuntu installed within Windows with its kernel at 100% and you can run all the tools you need, such as Docker natively directly in the Linux kernel (something that before with HyperV was not working for me and that WSL1 did not support).

Implementation is not perfect, it has many advantages but it also has some problems to figure out. Even so, I think it is the best current implementation to have a hybrid system where to enjoy the best of both worlds, so I recommend it 100%.

If you are interested in the subject, we can write an article listing the advantages, disadvantages and alternative solutions to certain problems that this technology currently poses. Let me know if you are interested in the comments.

Hello and welcome back to our “Mystery Jet Ski.” Much better than those programs about supernatural stuff and alien suppositions. Today we will continue with our exhaustive investigation on the hacker world, and we will delve a little more into the concept of “ethical hacker.” Is it true that there are good hackers? Who are the so-called “White hats”? Who will win this year’s Super Bowl?

Do you already know who the so-called “White Hats” are?

In this blog we never stop saying it: “No one is free from EVIL, because EVIL never rests”, and if in previous articles we saw that a bad hacker, broadly speaking, is a person who knows a lot about computers and uses their knowledge to detect security flaws in company or organization systems and take control of them, today we will see who is the archenemy of the bad hacker or cracker, the superhero of security, networks and programming… “The White Hat Hacker.”

White Hats are “evangelized” hackers who believe in good practice and good ethics, and who use their hacking superpowers to find security vulnerabilities and help correct or shield them, whether in networks, software, or hardware. “Black Hats” would be the rogue hackers we all know for their evilness, and the “White Hats” would be their honest and do-gooder counterpart. Both hack systems, but White Hat hackers do it with the goal of favoring/helping the organization they are working for.

White Hats, ethical hackers

If you thought that piracy and honesty were antonyms, you should know that, within IT, they are not necessarily so. As we pointed out, White Hats do their thing but in an ethical and supervised way, all with the aim of improving cybersecurity, not damaging it. And, dear friend, there is lots of demand for this. White Hats are not short of work, they are in high demand as security researchers and freelancers. They are the candy of organizations to strengthen their cybersecurity. Companies, in fact, take white hat hackers and make them try to hack their systems over and over again. They find and expose vulnerabilities so that the company is prepared for future attacks. They show the ease with which a Black Hat could infiltrate, and even get to the kitchen, in a system, or look for “back doors” within the encryption determined to safeguard the network. We could almost consider the White Hats as another IT security engineer or an insightful network security analyst within the company.

Some known white hat hackers:

• Greg Hoglund, “The Machine.” Mostly known for his achievements in detecting malware, rootkits, and hacking online games. He has worked for the United States government and its intelligence service.

• Jeff Moss, “Obama’s Right Hand (on the Mouse)”. He came to work on the US National Security Advisory Council during the Obama term. Today he serves as a commissioner in the World Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace.

• Dan Kaminsky, “The Competent.” Known for his great feat of finding a major bug in the DNS protocol. This could have led to a complex cache spoofing attack.

• Charlie Miller, “The Messi of hackers.” He became famous for highlighting vulnerabilities in the products of famous companies like Apple. He won the Pwn2Own edition in 2008, the most important hacking contest in the world. 

• Richard M. Stallman, “The Hacktivist.” Founder of the GNU project, an essential free software initiative to understand computing without restrictions. Champion of the free software movement since 1980.

Are there more “Hats”? 

We have already talked about the exploits of these White Hats, but what about the previously mentioned “Black Hats”? Are there more “Hats”?  Let’s have a look:

• Black hats: Well, these are the bad guys, the computer criminals, the ones we know and take for granted. The villains of this story. They start out, perhaps, as inexperienced Script Kiddies and end up as crackers. Pure jargon to designate how bad they are. Some do it alone, selling malicious tools, others work for criminal organizations as sophisticated as the ones in movies.
• Gray hats: Right in the middle of computer morality, we find these hats, combining the qualities of black and white. They are usually devoted, for example, to looking for vulnerabilities without the consent of the owners of the system, but when they find them they let them know. 
• Blue hats: These are characterized by focusing all their malicious efforts on a specific subject or group. Motivated perhaps by revenge, they dominate it just enough to execute it. They may also be hired to test specific software for bugs before it is released. They say that their name comes from the blue emblem of the Microsoft employees.
• Red Hats: The Red Hats do not like the Black Hats at all and act ruthlessly against them. Their life goal? Destroy all evil plans that bad hackers have in their hands. A good Red Hat will always be aware of the initiatives of the Black Hat, their mission is to intercept it and hack the pirate. 
• Green hats: These are the “newbies” of the hacking world. They want to go further, for their hat to mature into an authentic and genuine Black Hat. They will put effort, curiosity and boldness in said company. They are often seen grazing in packs within hidden hacker communities asking their elders for everything.

Conclusions

Sorry for the Manichaeism, but we have the White Hat that is good, the Black Hat that is bad, and a few other colorful types of hats that fall between these two poles. I know that now you will imagine hackers classified by colors like Pokemon or Power Rangers. If only achieved that with this article, everything was worth it.

USB types: the final list to know them all

“Pen drive”, “memory stick”, for those less attentive: “VHS”… We have given many names to what we actually meant by USB. But you have to know that the term goes a little beyond that gadget of four or eight gigabytes that we use for so many things. In fact, there are several USB types, and today we will delve into getting to know them.

USB Types: What is a USB?

First we should make clear that, as many suspected but few dared to inquire, the acronym USB is derived from the corresponding words: Universal Serial Bus. USB is a connection protocol that allows us to connect several peripheral devices to an electronic device to achieve an exchange of data. It can also be useful to carry out some operations or charge the battery of our devices. It is, then, like a port that works as a connection socket between different devices.

The range of devices that we can interconnect to a computer thanks to USB is quite wide. We just have to think a bit so that they all come to our heads immediately. Mouses, keyboards, video and photo cameras, smartphones, USB memories, music players, webcams, speakers, printers, recorders, external hard drives, PDA… There are countless examples.

We owe this protocol to the fruitful 1990s, a wonderful decade for Britpop and for technology. It was seven large technology corporations (Intel, IBM, Northern Telecom, Compaq, Microsoft, NEC and Digital Equipment Corporation) who joined hands to reach an agreement on the peripheral connection standard for a computer. The idea was good for everyone, and although they started with a first model, USB 1.0, different from the current ones, everything was just a matter of evolution.

USB Types: Standards

USB devices are classified into four types based on their data transfer speed: Low Speed (1.0), Full Speed (1.1), High Speed (2.0) and Super High Speed (3.0).

• USB 1.0. It was the one that appeared in the mid-nineties. The maximum speed at which information could be transferred was 1.5 Mbps. Well, it could be used for connecting devices like the mouse and keyboard for example.
• USB 1.1. The transfer rate increased to 12 Mbps.
• USB 2.0. It is undoubtedly the most widespread standard and sends data at a speed of 480 Mbps, although its actual rate is 280 Mbps. In the cable you may find four lines: two for data transfer and two for power.
• USB 3.0. We can consider it about ten times faster than 2.0. It reaches speeds of 4.8 Gbps. The best thing is that it is still compatible with the previous ones and on top of that, it includes five additional contacts. At present, it coexists with 2.0. in perfect harmony.
• USB 3.1 It is the last of the standards. In fact it emerged just a few years ago. It reaches a data transfer speed of 10 Gbps. As an incentive, it comes with a new type of connector, connector C.

USB Types: Types of connectors

Now we go to the shapes of USB, which is why we are more familiar with them.

Type A. It is the one that most users will recognize. That flattened rectangle in which we can see internal connections. The male connector is at the end of the cables, while the female is the port itself.

Type B. The ports and connectors belonging to this type are just as recognizable by users, but somewhat smaller and wider than those of type A. As a general rule, we can find them in devices such as printers.

Type C. The Type-C connector has appeared the same as USB 3.1 and the distinguishing feature is that it is reversible. That’s right, no matter which side you insert, it works both ways.

MiniUSB. You may find two different versions of this one, made by 5 or 8 pins. We can see them in cameras, external hard drives, music players and a few other trinkets.

MicroUSB. The microUSB is the smallest and thinnest of all. It is quite flat and was conceived to connect to our smartphones. With them we can transfer information and charge batteries, so we also know it very well.

USB Types: Mistaking them with USB Memory

As we have seen, the concept of USB refers to the connection port. However, the term “USB” has also been extended to refer to pen drives. Pen drives are enabled with a memory that works as a place for storing and transporting data. It’s the rightful replacement for floppy disks and CDs (who doesn’t have one, for God’s sake?!), with different capacities ranging from 1GB to 1TB. Simply because the pen drive connects through USB, they have ended up calling it that. To shorten it. We are that practical and love saving that much.

Once you just got into the technological ins and outs, are you hungry for more? Would you like to go even further in the world of technology? What about spending a couple of minutes to find out what computing system monitoring is and why it is also very important?

Monitoring systems are responsible for supervising technology (hardware, networks and communications, operating systems or applications, for example) in order to analyze its performance, and to detect and alert about possible errors. And this leads us to Pandora FMS, that wonderful tool thanks to which this blog is possible.

Pandora FMS is a flexible monitoring system, capable of monitoring devices, infrastructures, applications, services and business processes.