The dark web is the underworld of the internet. A place where criminality thrives and anything is available—for a price.

Nobody knows for sure how large the dark web is. The best estimates suggest dark web markets handle around $1.7 billion annually. Data accounts for a huge chunk of that activity.

Dark websites buy and sell every type of personal data, from credit card numbers to voter registrations. Criminals use that data to profile targets and make cyber attacks more deadly.

That’s why understanding the dark web is a cybersecurity must. Companies and private users need protection against data theft and know how to respond if their data is compromised.

This blog will explore the darkest corners of the web. We will examine the dark web and how it differs from the deep web. We will also provide tips for protecting your data from dark web sellers.

Key takeaways

• The dark web includes web content that search engines cannot access and users cannot reach with standard browsers.

• Dark web content differs from the surface web, which is accessible via Google and browsers. The deep web is not indexed by search engines but can be accessed by browsers. The dark web is inaccessible without a Tor browser.

• The dark web initially sought to evade censorship and ensure privacy. However, it later became linked to criminality as anonymous marketplaces and cryptocurrencies emerged. Law enforcement bodies routinely close markets, but buying and selling continues.

• Goods available on the dark web often include narcotics, counterfeit medications, weapons, and stolen data. Users can purchase almost any illegal items via anonymous payment methods. Many customers are cybercriminals, intent on leveraging personal data to access bank accounts or company networks.

• Safeguard data to keep it away from dark web sellers. Security measures include using VPNs, applying strong password policies, and controlling network access. Businesses should use dark web monitoring to detect potential data breaches early and mitigate the risk.

Dark web definition

The dark web refers to encrypted internet sites that are not indexed by traditional search engines. Users can only access dark web content with the Tor browser.

This browser anonymizes a user’s identity and traffic by encrypting and “bouncing” data around a series of globally distributed nodes. This process, known as onion routing, makes it difficult for outsiders to tell what content users access, enabling surveillance-free transactions or communication.

How does the dark web work?

The public internet or surface web is constructed from visible servers and web content identified by public IP addresses.

The dark web also features server-hosted content, but dark web sites lack standard identifiers or are excluded from indexing by website owners. Search engines cannot dark web sites to their indexes and search results.

Almost 99% of web content is thought to evade search engines. This includes data protected by password portals, obsolete files, and anything Google’s algorithms decide is irrelevant. However, not all this data qualifies as part of the dark web.

To be part of the dark web, sites must be invisible to a standard web browser and search engines.

How the dark web ensures anonymity

The dark web requires non-standard protocols and encryption techniques. Browsers like Tor (The Onion Router) use special protocols to generate encrypted entry points. These protocols use a layered encryption model. This wraps data packets in many layers.

Tor also plots complex pathways for dark web data. As data passes between nodes, layers of encryption peel away, like the skin of an onion. There is no traceable connection between the entry point and the destination. Users remain anonymous as long as Tor operates.

Tor differs from standard browsers in other ways. No identifiable traffic passes between users and their ISP. Tor clears cookies and browsing data after every session. It also disables geolocation features that can reveal a user’s location.

Standard browsers can access most internet content, even if it does not appear in Google results. But the dark web is different.

Experts estimate the dark web comprises around 0.03% of unindexed content. The amount of hidden data is rising, though, and even 0.03% is a large amount of information.

Difference between surface web, deep web, and dark web

Before we dive deeper, let’s clear up a common misconception by defining some key terms. We cannot talk about the “dark web” without understanding how it excludes the surface web and the deep web.

Surface web

The surface web is the outer layer of the internet that web browser users see. When you run a Google query, the search engine delivers results from the surface web.

Algorithms process indexed data, assessing its relevance and quality. In the process, search engines miss a huge amount of data. Ideally, this doesn’t matter because indexers collect the most relevant information and ignore everything else.

For instance, Google might return a set of Amazon landing pages for a query about sports jackets. Searches won’t include back-end metadata or private vendor pages that require passwords. Users only see publicly accessible product listings.

Estimates vary, but it’s safe to say the surface web comprises about 10% of the total internet.

Deep web

The deep web comprises internet data that is not indexed by search engines. Deep web data is not really “hidden” from ordinary browsers. Content may only be accessible with login credentials, but you don’t need Tor or similar layered encryption tools.

Deep web content includes data stored behind log-in portals or paywalls. Social media profiles are a good example. However, most deep web content is mundane website data like unused or out-of-date files. Site owners use the robots.txt file to redirect search engines and avoid excessive traffic.

Estimates vary about the size of the deep web, but it forms around 90% of internet content.

Dark web

The dark web is a subset of the deep web that exists in the shadows. This hidden web features everything we cannot see without special tools.

Because of this, estimating dark web traffic is almost impossible. The same applies to monitoring dark web criminal activity. It’s hard to know whether your personal data is being sold online. Companies cannot tell when hackers conspire beyond surveillance to plan attacks.

When was the dark web created?

The dark web started life in 1999 in the research lab of University of Edinburgh student Ian Clarke. As part of his computer science degree, Clarke wrote a landmark paper on “a Distributed, Decentralised Information Storage and Retrieval System.”

In 2000, he released a working version of his project called Freenet. Clarke’s goal was to provide members of the public with total anonymity. As concerns about online privacy and government censorship grew, Freenet was a natural progression. Nobody called it the “dark web’ —at least not yet.

Ironically, US intel agencies made the next leap forward, releasing the Tor network in 2004. Scientists at the Office of Naval Research created Tor to enable anonymous battlefield and intelligence activity. However, the creators successfully argued for public release.

The designers realized that decentralized routing and layered encryption needed a large community of users. That’s why they launched the Tor Project and fine-tuned the Tor browser in 2008.

Tor could not function without a large user community, even if that meant the government losing control—which is exactly what happened.

In 2009, a shadowy website called Silk Road started to make headlines. Based on the dark web, Silk Road thrived as cryptocurrencies expanded. Dark web marketplaces soon sold everything from narcotics and firearms to pornography, pirated software, and prescription medication.

The FBI raided Silk Road founder Ross Ulbricht in 2013 and closed the site, but the dark web remains a thriving marketplace. Silk Road 2.0 appeared immediately, followed by Diabolus Market and OpenBazaar.

The dark web has also become notorious for more than illegal goods. A 2022 study found 24.6 billion pairs of credentials available for purchase. The dark web now functions as a credentials brokerage, providing access to vast private databases.

Cyber attackers obtain passwords via data breaches. Other criminals buy stolen data to use in phishing or other cyber attacks. Prices are easily affordable, with credit card details retailing for around $120 and single passwords costing just $10. It’s a cybersecurity nightmare.

Why does the dark web exist?

Given the criminal activity associated with the dark web, it’s natural to ask why the dark web exists. Scientists developed the underlying technology with noble purposes in mind. The ONS and Ian Clarke never wanted to encourage crime, but their creations made the dark web possible.

The dark web’s creators set out to protect individual privacy. By the late 1990s, early enthusiasm about the internet gave way to fears about crime and surveillance. People needed ways to browse and communicate anonymously. Tor and Freenet were effective solutions.

The dark web is still a valuable privacy tool. Media organizations like the BBC, the New Yorker, and ProPublica use dark web tools to allow censorship-free browsing in repressive countries.

Is the dark web illegal?

The legal situation surrounding the dark web is pretty simple. Using dark web tools is legal, but using the dark web to commit criminal acts is not.

The benefits above are probably why the dark web remains legal and supported by some governments. Tor is the most reliable way to escape the attention of authoritarian states.

Balancing anonymity against credential thefts and illicit selling is hard, but states tend to see legality as a better option.

Note: Some countries suppress dark web usage. China, Russia, and Vietnam all prohibit Tor usage (with variable success). Keep that in mind if you use Tor when traveling.

Types of threats on the dark web

The dark web may be legal, but it’s not safe. Many critical threats make the dark web dangerous. Here are just a few of the most concerning examples:

• Illegal activity. When users access the dark web, it’s easy to become involved in criminal activities. Dark web marketplaces peddle illicit drugs, firearms, and even stolen information like medical and legal documents. Buying stolen or prohibited items brings the risk of legal consequences.

• Malicious software. The dark web is unregulated. Dark web forums you visit could direct you to malware and compromise your device. They could also direct you to illegal content without warning. There’s no way of knowing.

• Hacking. Dark websites are havens for data thieves and other hackers. These actors are happy to target customers or casual dark web visitors alike.

• Ransomware-as-a-Service. Dark web vendors now sell off-the-shelf ransomware kits, allowing almost anyone to mount cyber-attacks. Groups like REvil and GandCrab provide specialized software that leverages stolen data.

• Webcam attacks. One of the scariest dark web hazards is webcam hijacking. Attackers target visitors with unsecured cameras. They may then deploy remote administration tools to blackmail targets or use the camera to gather data.

• Data breaches. The dark web is a global hub for originating and executing data breaches. Nobody is safe. For instance, in March 2024, communications giant AT&T reported a data breach involving 73 million records. Stolen data was available on the dark web from 2019. And AT&T is just the tip of the iceberg.

• Law enforcement. Criminality is everywhere on the dark web, but so is law enforcement. Users risk detection and prosecution if they engage in illicit behavior. Never assume that contacts are who they say they are.

What is the dark web usually used for?

As the list above suggests, much dark web activity is either borderline or totally illegal. However, not all dark web activities break the law.

Almost anything prohibited by national laws appears on dark web markets. It’s common to find vendors selling drugs, weapons, medical records, prescription medications, and illegal images or videos. There are few limits on what is bought and sold.

Researchers investigating the cross-border wildlife trade found 153 endangered species for sale on 50 dark web forums. Democracy is even on the shelves. One incident found 40 million US voter registrations selling for $2 each.

Anything goes. Marketplaces are hard to track as they come and go. After Silk Road closed, Dream Market became a go-to vendor for opiates. AlphaBay expanded the use of niche crypto-currencies, while DarkMarket focused on selling personal information. All have closed, but successors continue.

The dark web has other uses, though. It’s not all about selling illegal goods. The dark web is also used to:

• Access paywalled academic journals and enable research sharing.

• Evade censored or geo-blocked content.

• Search the web without ads or cookies of any kind.

• Share information confidentially, for example, about protests or whistle-blowing.

• Find essential medications at affordable prices.

Is your business data on the dark web?

There are some positive uses of the dark web, but we need to be aware of the dangers. Most importantly, every internet user and company must know if their data is available via dark websites. And we need ways to prevent this.

Let’s start with a simple process to check whether your information is on the dark web.

Firstly, don’t enter the dark web alone. Individual users lack the contextual data and tools to penetrate dark web defenses. Logging onto Tor and searching your name won’t work.

Companies worried about leaked credentials should use in-depth threat exposure management platforms like NordStellar.

Dark web monitoring solutions leverage huge databases of exposed credentials. Scanners constantly analyze databases of compromised credentials and scan dark web forums and marketplaces for keywords related to your business data.

How to keep your company data off the dark web

Searching the dark web for confidential data can be imprecise. A smarter solution is preventing the disclosure of your company data in the first place.

Dark web criminals are clever and ruthless, but cybersecurity measures deter even the most skilled data leeches. Many companies fail to put those barriers in place. That’s why dark web markets thrive, but it doesn’t have to be like that.

Here are some tips to secure your data and ruin the bottom line of dark web data vendors:

• Protect traffic with a Business Virtual Private Network (VPN). VPNs encrypt traffic and hide your data in transit. Secure every endpoint with VPN coverage to block data thieves.

• Guard your credentials like a hawk. Credential theft or brute forcing allows criminals to access your network and steal user or customer data. Enforce strong, regularly-changed passwords. Add multi-factor authentication for all log-ins. Apply Zero Trust principles to minimize access to sensitive data.

• Be smart about phishing. Phishing encourages users to click dangerous links, leading to malware infections and data loss. Implement advanced DNS filtering solutions to prevent access to websites used in phishing attacks. Train employees to spot phishing emails and explain why phishing awareness is a critical data protection issue.

• Use dark web monitoring. Dark web monitoring is a must-have for companies handling sensitive data. Remember the AT&T case. It took 5 years to uncover the data breach, resulting in millions of dark web sales. Monitoring informs you immediately about data exposure. It also helps you tweak your security posture to prevent cyber attacks.

• Put in place holistic dark web protection. Don’t apply password security, VPN coverage, and access controls independently. Gather everything together in one, like NordLayer’s threat protection setup. That way, you can anticipate and neutralize threats before they cause problems.

The tips above will protect companies who do not intend to access the dark web.

But what if you need to use the dark web safely? In that case, extra data security measures come into play.

• Be very cautious about exposing confidential information on dark web forums. Never mention your name, employer, phone number, or address.

• Never trust dark websites. There is no SSL encryption on the dark web, and nobody certifies dark web sites as safe to use. Remember that when entering discussions or buying goods.

• Don’t click links on forum posts. The same applies to links. Dark web links could easily be malicious or lead you to illegal content. As a rule, avoid clicking unknown links if possible.

• Disable Java and ActiveX. You may already have done this, but disable these frameworks before firing up Tor. Both are notoriously vulnerable to exploits, especially by dark web residents.

• Separate dark web browsing from critical assets. Ideally, only use Tor inside a well-defended network segment. Create a secure zone with minimal east-west movement. If the worst happens, this should restrict the damage.

Tips on how to protect business information from data theft

Hidden data marketplaces are alarming, but could also be a good thing. Knowledge about the dark web should motivate us to update our data security practices.

How can you safeguard sensitive information and stay one step ahead of data thieves? Let’s finish this blog with some data security essentials.

Check statements for financial anomalies

Cyber fraud often shows up first in your company finances. Don’t assume everything is fine. Checking cash flows for unusual payments is always a wise move.

Criminals often take small amounts regularly instead of withdrawing huge sums in one transaction. Minor unauthorized payments could be an early warning that business data and credentials are available on the dark web.

Lock down critical business data

If users in your business access the dark web, network segmentation is essential. Network segmentation creates secure zones within the network architecture. These zones are protected by firewalls and access controls, admitting authorized users but blocking everyone else.

Protect sensitive data within safe zones, and consider creating quarantine zones for dark web browsing. The more barriers there are between business data and dark web users, the better.

Monitor the dark web for data breaches

Stay aware of known data leaks and monitor dark web marketplaces for your business data. Dark web monitoring services scan materials on the dark web, alerting you rapidly should data theft occur.

Take advantage of security alerts provided by financial companies and online vendors. Banks and payment processors like PayPal enable customized alerts to flag suspicious activity.

The same applies to everyday business tools like social media and email. Google and Facebook enable activity alerts and they supplement dark web monitoring.

Remember: thieves may buy social media credentials on the dark web and use them to acquire more information. Any alerts are potentially worrying.

Update your security tools

Finally, only use reputable security software to safeguard devices and apps. Avoid free VPNs or virus checkers. These tools may not work effectively and could even deliver malicious software. Stick to trusted vendors and regularly patch security tools to stay ahead of attackers.

The dark web is one part of the cybersecurity puzzle, but it provides a great reason to improve your cybersecurity game. Safeguard data, learn about dark web threats, and adopt a cautious approach. But if you have any concerns, expert help is easy to find.

Contact the NordLayer team to discuss dark web threats and fine-tune your business security.

Nowadays, cybersecurity threats are not just evolving—they’re escalating at an alarming rate. The X-Force Threat Intelligence Index 2024 reveals that nearly half of all breaches involve the theft of sensitive customer data, and attacks using valid credentials have surged by 71%. Ransomware, a relentless menace, has held its position as the most common form of cyberattack for four consecutive years. With the annual cost of cybercrime projected to soar to $10.5 trillion by 2025, the stakes have never been higher. 

Against this backdrop, the European Union has introduced the NIS2 Directive, a significant update designed to fortify cybersecurity measures across all member states. This directive is not just an enhancement of its predecessor—it’s a necessary evolution to confront the sophisticated and pervasive cyber threats that businesses face today. For organizations spanning various sectors, understanding and following NIS2 requirements isn’t just about compliance; it’s about staying secure in an increasingly hostile digital environment.

This NIS2 checklist is your guide through the critical steps toward NIS2 compliance. It ensures your organization is equipped to meet the rigorous standards required to protect your digital infrastructure and maintain robust security in a world where the next cyberattack is not a question of if but when.

Overview of the NIS2 Directive

The NIS2 Directive is an update to the Network and Information Security (NIS) Directive introduced by the European Union to enhance cybersecurity across member states. It aims to bolster the resilience of critical infrastructure and digital services against cyber threats.

NIS2 extends its scope beyond essential services to include medium and large enterprises in set critical sectors, emphasizing a comprehensive approach to risk management and incident reporting. It requires stricter security measures and sets clearer obligations for organizations to manage risks, protect their systems, and report major security incidents.

Who needs to comply?

Compliance with the NIS2 Directive is required for a broad range of medium and large enterprises operating in critical sectors, including operators in energy, transport, and health sectors, as well as online marketplaces and cloud computing services.

To comply, these organizations must implement robust cybersecurity measures and follow the directive’s standards for protecting their digital infrastructure and managing supply chain security.

NIS2 compliance checklist

Achieving compliance with NIS2 involves a systematic approach that covers various aspects of your organization’s cybersecurity strategy. This checklist outlines the key considerations to help guide your business toward meeting the directive’s requirements.

1. Governance and risk management

Establish clear governance structures to support NIS2 compliance. Define organizational goals, risk appetite, and strategic objectives. Assign specific roles and responsibilities for compliance tasks, ensuring accountability in case of non-compliance. Regularly assess and document cyber risks, focusing on internal and external factors that could impact your organization’s security. Involve top management in approving and overseeing cybersecurity measures to ensure they align with business objectives.

2. Evaluating security effectiveness

Document and regularly review your security policies to ensure they are up-to-date and in line with NIS2 standards. Implement formal incident response plans with a ticketing system for incident detection, triage, and response. Secure your supply chain by assessing the cybersecurity practices of your suppliers and service providers, ensuring comprehensive protection from potential vulnerabilities. Additionally, establish backup management and disaster recovery plans that align with your organization’s Recovery Time Objectives (RTOs) to maintain business continuity.

3. Technical and operational measures

Implement basic cyber hygiene practices, such as regular security training for employees, to maintain high-security standards. Secure your network and information systems by addressing vulnerabilities and adopting strong cryptographic practices. Use advanced security measures, such as endpoint protection and robust network defenses, to prevent unauthorized access and safeguard against cyberattacks.

4. Security technologies and solutions

Deploy a suite of security technologies that best fit your organization’s needs, ensuring they align with NIS2’s technical requirements. This can include tools like Security Information and Event Management (SIEM), Security Orchestration, Automation, and Response (SOAR), and User and Entity Behavior Analytics (UEBA) systems. Ensure these technologies align with industry standards and regulations, such as GDPR, and are capable of protecting your digital infrastructure from breaches and unauthorized access.

5. Technical compliance and certifications

Utilize multi-factor authentication (MFA) and secure communication systems, especially for remote or privileged access. Ensure that your cybersecurity practices are aligned with recognized frameworks and certifications, such as ISO 27001 for information security management. Regularly review and update your technical measures to maintain compliance with evolving standards.

6. Compliance with legal and industry standards

Familiarize yourself with the specific requirements of NIS2 and how they differ from the original directive. Align your cybersecurity strategies with industry-specific regulations, such as HIPAA for healthcare or NERC CIP for energy. Use recognized frameworks like NIST SP 800 or CIS Controls to strengthen your organization’s security posture.

7. Reporting and communication

Develop robust processes for detecting, analyzing, and reporting security incidents. Ensure timely communication with relevant authorities and stakeholders, following the reporting timelines and content requirements set out in NIS2. Document your governance processes and cybersecurity efforts comprehensively, using benchmarks like ISO/IEC 27002 to support compliance and make your reporting efficient.

8. Human resources and training

Implement HR policies that control access based on roles and conduct regular security assessments. Provide ongoing cybersecurity training and awareness programs for all employees, ensuring they have the knowledge to protect sensitive data and comply with NIS2 requirements. Integrate these training initiatives into your overall risk management strategy and regularly update them to address new threats and reinforce best practices.

How NordLayer can support your NIS2 compliance journey

As a network security provider, NordLayer offers a range of tools and services to help your organization meet the stringent requirements of the NIS2 Directive. Here’s how we can assist:

• Advanced access control: With NordLayer’s Virtual Private Gateways and Cloud Firewall, you can enforce strict Network Access Control (NAC) policies, ensuring only authorized and compliant devices access your network. Our multi-layered authentication methods, including two-factor authentication (2FA) and biometric verification, provide an additional layer of security.

• Effective incident prevention: Protect your network from cyber threats with NordLayer’s suite of threat prevention tools, including traffic encryption, IP masking, and DNS filtering by category, helps protect your network from cyber threats.

• Strong cryptography: Our VPN gateways provide quantum-safe encryption, securing data in transit and safeguarding sensitive information. This creates a secure environment for online activities and access to critical resources.

• Network monitoring and management: Gain a clear overview of connected devices and network usage with NordLayer’s activity monitoring and device posture management features. This helps you proactively identify and address potential security issues.

• Continuous security controls: Ensure your network is protected around the clock with NordLayer’s Always-On VPN and auto-connect features. These controls reinforce compliance with security policies and practices.

With NordLayer, you can simplify the management of your security infrastructure while confidently meeting the demanding requirements of the NIS2 Directive. Contact NordLayer today to learn more about how we can support your compliance efforts.

Since the first commercial firewall in 1991, network security needs and technology have evolved significantly. While many businesses still use hardware firewalls, the rise of virtual network firewalls has made it easier to achieve the same functionality without the maintenance and complexity of physical firewalls.

Software firewalls offer effective network protection in a simpler, easier-to-manage way compared to hardware options. This article reviews our top 10 picks for software network firewalls to help you choose the best one for your business.

How we chose the best network firewall solutions (in our opinion)

We selected a range of network firewall options, including large enterprise solutions, mid-size businesses with similar features, and smaller companies that may not be as developed but still provide strong functionality. We didn’t go into too many details, but we focused on how well the firewall strengthens network security and how easy it is to set rules relating to the user interface. We also looked at the overall benefits of each firewall vendor and what types of clients they suit. We also considered cost-effectiveness and how comprehensive these solutions are.

We checked reviews and user feedback on sites like Gartner, G2, Reddit, and Capterra. We focused on what users said about cost, performance, next-generation firewalls, feature reliability, and how helpful the support teams were. If we found unusual feedback about a specific firewall provider that users often mention, we included it as well.

Top 10 network firewall solutions, in our opinion

Different solutions suit different business types. Here’s a detailed look at our favorite network firewall solutions available today, listed in no particular order:

• NordLayer

• Cato SASE Cloud

• Fortinet: FortiGate VM

• Palo Alto VM Series

• Cloudflare WAF

• Zscaler Internet Access

• Appgate SDP

• Perimeter 81 (Check Point Harmony SASE)

• Todyl

• Banyan Security

1. NordLayer

NordLayer is a network security solution that offers secure access to company resources from any location. It helps protect networks, enables remote work, and provides the tools necessary to comply with key regulatory frameworks. Developed by Nord Security, the creators of NordVPN, NordLayer offers a multi-layered defense and features typical of next-generation firewalls (NGFW).

NordLayer enables organizations to implement Firewall as a Service (FWaaS) along with Zero Trust Network Access (ZTNA), and Secure Web Gateway (SWG) principles.

Five ways NordLayer Cloud Firewall can help:

1. Prevent data leaks. Network segmentation is key in access control. Without it, data leaks are more likely.

2. Achieve compliance. Many standards focus on network access control and protection of network and encrypted traffic.

3. Implement security strategy. Best practices include secure access service edge (SASE), FWaaS, SWG, and ZTNA.

4. Unify security across hybrid setups. Securing a mix of data centers, cloud, and on-premise systems can be challenging, but NordLayer helps simplify this.

5. Support hybrid work models. NordLayer strengthens security for remote teams while managing network firewalls across locations.

NordLayer’s flexibility makes it ideal for businesses of all sizes that need scalable network protection. It provides secure internet access, resource protection, and compliance with major cybersecurity regulations.

Apart from Cloud Firewall, NordLayer offers other security features like:

• Quantum-safe encryption

• Dedicated servers with Fixed IP

• Device Posture Security

• IP allowlisting

• Web protection (formerly ThreatBlock)

• DNS filtering

• NordLynx VPN protocol

• Browser extension for secure browsing

Benefits:

• Transparent pricing, starting at $7 per user per month

• Proactive setup support

• 24/7 live support with dedicated account managers

• Direct user feedback influences product development

Drawbacks:

• Less known compared to other competitors

• Fewer security features than large enterprise firewall vendors

• Possible slowdowns with the use of VPN

• Reducing team size requires reaching out to support

• Occasional confusion between NordVPN and NordLayer

Disclaimer: This product review is based on information provided on our website, VPN review sites and social networking forums such as Gartner, G2, and TechRadar, as well as customer feedback shared on these platforms, accessed on September 6, 2024.

2. Cato SASE Cloud

Cato Networks is an Israeli company that offers Secure Access Service Edge (SASE) technology. The platform combines communication and security in a cloud-based solution. Founded in 2015, Cato Networks now employs over 900 people globally. When it comes to the firewall, users frequently mention that the solution is easy to set up, with straightforward firewall rule management and affordability. It simplifies firewall management and offers features typical of NGFW.

Most mentioned overall product benefits:

• Comprehensive security features

• Complete management panel for easy user control

• Low-latency performance through numerous points of presence (PoPs)

• Reliable, with no impact on internet speed or application performance

• Automatic firewall updates

• Agile and scalable solution

Drawbacks:

• Can be difficult to implement

• License costs are high

• Logs and reports are hard to interpret

• VPN licenses must be purchased in packs of 10

• Sometimes the app fails to log in

• Upgrading bandwidth capacity for a site can be costly

Disclaimer: This product review is based on information provided on the company’s website, VPN review sites and social networking forums such as Gartner and G2, and it assesses customer feedback shared on these platforms, accessed on September 6, 2024.

3. Fortinet: FortiGate VM

Fortinet, founded over 20 years ago in Sunnyvale, California, provides cybersecurity solutions for a wide range of users. FortiGate VM—a virtual firewall—offers network protection in private, public, and telco cloud environments. Running on the same OS as FortiGate hardware, it enforces consistent security policies across hybrid setups.

Most mentioned overall product benefits:

• User-friendly interface

• Straightforward setup and management of virtual machines

• Easy integration in virtual environments

• Works well with multivendor environments, including IaaS and public clouds

Drawbacks:

• More advanced tutorials or documentation needed

• Complex configurations

• Some interface complexities

• High entry pricing

• Logging and reporting issues

• Problems integrating with certain XDR solutions

• Sizing virtual environments could be clearer

Disclaimer: This product review is based on information provided on VPN review sites and social networking forums such as G2, and it assesses customer feedback shared on these platforms, accessed on September 6, 2024.

4. Palo Alto VM Series

Palo Alto Networks is a multinational cybersecurity company based in Santa Clara, California. Its platform includes advanced network firewalls and cloud-based solutions that cover various aspects of security. The company serves over 70,000 organizations worldwide. Users praise the firewall’s strong security features, ease of use, and flexibility, which are on par with those of on-premises network firewalls.

Most mentioned overall product benefits:

• Easy deployment

• Flexible and scalable

• Effective for disaster recovery

• Centralized management

• User-friendly interface

Drawbacks:

• High pricing

• Licensing complexity

• Long upgrade and restart times

• Documentation could be improved

• Occasional performance slowdowns

• Limited integrations with some cloud platforms

• Resource-intensive solution

Disclaimer: This product review is based on information provided on the company’s website, VPN review sites and social networking forums such as Gartner and G2, as well as customer feedback shared on these platforms, accessed on September 6, 2024.

5. Cloudflare WAF

Cloudflare is an American company that offers content delivery networks, cloud cybersecurity, DDoS mitigation, and domain services. As of 2024, over 19% of the internet uses it for web security. Its Web Application Firewall (WAF) features managed rulesets that are frequently updated, geolocation blocking, and proxy detection, making it highly effective in preventing man-in-the-middle attacks. Users also note its useful integrations, such as with Azure AD and Google Cloud.

Most mentioned overall product benefits:

• Easy installation

• Simple to monitor with actionable features

• Extremely effective with customizable options

• User-friendly interface

• Straightforward to use

Drawbacks:

• Hard for small businesses to negotiate pricing and add features

• Limited configurations in the Terraform provider

• Implementing network-based rules through code is difficult

• Documentation lacks specific, in-depth configurations

• Some false positives in traffic blocking, though fixable over time

• Slow customer support responses

• Limited flexibility in rate-limiting rules for APIs

• Load balancing requires an additional license

Disclaimer: This product review is based on information provided on the company’s website, VPN review sites and social networking forums such as Gartner and Reddit, and it assesses customer feedback shared on these platforms, accessed on September 6, 2024.

6. ZScaler Internet Access

Established in 2007 and headquartered in California, ZScaler provides a cloud-native Zero Trust Exchange platform that focuses on securing online traffic and controlling access to applications. It offers cloud-based protection against cyber threats and data loss. As for its firewall features, users point out that ZScaler offers a broad range of security tools and flexible options, making it adaptable for cloud-based setups.

Most mentioned overall product benefits:

• Scalable

• Consistent and stable connectivity

• Efficient centralized management for access and security oversight

• Robust cloud-native infrastructure

• Intuitive interface for users

• High-performance security solution

Drawbacks:

• Complicated migration from traditional VPN to Zero Trust Network Access

• Steep learning curve for new users

• URL misclassifications that affect protection measures

• Disconnects during brief internet interruptions

• Inadequate API documentation

• Slow customer service response

• Lengthy setup and configuration process

• Confusing pricing structure for features and services

Disclaimer: This product review is based on information provided on VPN review sites and social networking forums such as Gartner and G2, as well as customer feedback shared on these platforms, accessed on September 6, 2024.

7. Appgate SDP

Appgate, founded in 2020 and based in Coral Gables, Florida, provides security solutions for organizations and government agencies. It focuses on Universal Zero Trust Network Access (ZTNA) and fraud protection. As for the firewall functionality, users mention that Appgate SDP is straightforward to manage with helpful troubleshooting documentation.

Most mentioned overall product benefits:

• Stable performance

• Fast operation

• Easy to deploy and manage

• Clear documentation for troubleshooting

• Real-time updates based on risk metrics

• Micro-segmented access to resources

• Intuitive user interface

Drawbacks:

• Runs on Ubuntu Server, which is not frequently updated

• Per-site licensing increases overall costs

• Slow connection speeds to remote sites

• Occasional resource reduction despite steady internet bandwidth

• Complex to configure

• Limited log management features

• Dashboard is not very helpful for security monitoring

• Frequent need to restart due to slow connection despite good internet

• Insufficient dashboard information for identifying node connectivity issues

• Centralized management lacks efficiency

Disclaimer: This product review is based on information provided on VPN review sites and social networking forums such as Gartner and G2, as well as customer feedback shared on these platforms, accessed on September 6, 2024.

8. Check Point Harmony SASE (formerly Perimeter 81)

Check Point Software Technologies offers solutions to protect businesses and governments. Founded in 1993, it employs over 6,000 people and protects more than 100,000 organizations. Check Point Harmony SASE, formerly known as Perimeter 81, combines network and endpoint security for a unified approach. As for the firewall capabilities, users note easy troubleshooting due to log visibility and VPN tunnel stability.

Most mentioned overall product benefits:

• Smooth migration with easy configuration of necessary features

• Smart Console is user-friendly and free of software bugs

• Unified platform integrating network and endpoint security

• Proactive threat prevention and real-time monitoring

• Simplified management with enhanced visibility across the IT environment

• Reliable performance

• Useful logging activity in the dashboard

Drawbacks:

• Unable to establish redundant VPN tunnels with cloud environments

• Support failed to detect misconfiguration, leading to significant downtime

• Complex initial setup, steep learning curve for new users

• Integration challenges with third-party vendors

• High pricing structure

• Difficulty getting timely technical support

• Frustration with poor customer service and unresolved issues

• Issues with overbilling and slow responses from the support team

• Logging activity is unreliable, with users questioning its accuracy

Disclaimer: This product review is based on information provided on VPN review sites and social networking forums such as Gartner and G2, as well as customer feedback shared on these platforms, accessed on September 6, 2024.

9. Todyl

Founded in 2015 and headquartered in Denver, Colorado, Todyl offers a cybersecurity platform designed for MSPs and MSSPs. The platform provides comprehensive security solutions through a single-agent model, allowing businesses to customize capabilities to meet their needs. Users frequently note that Todyl’s integration and ease of deployment stand out as key features.

Most mentioned overall product benefits:

• Easy to use

• Top-notch support

• Intuitive interface

• Simple integration and deployment

• All-in-one solution for clients

• Centralized logs in the SEIM

• Flexible licensing options per device and customer

Drawbacks:

• Simultaneous use with Defender may cause reporting issues

• Lacks custom gauge creation for dashboards

• Missing GRC features

• Setup can sometimes be tricky

• Occasional bugs with the SGN Connect agent disappearing from the system tray

• Web filtering can be clumsy

• Marketing strategies have upset users

• Platform lacks maturity

• Connecting to on-premise devices like servers is difficult

• Site-to-site connection often disconnects

• Hard to cancel the service

• Frequent DNS issues and workarounds needed

Disclaimer: This product review is based on information provided on VPN review sites and social networking forums such as G2 and Reddit, as well as customer feedback shared on these platforms, accessed on September 6, 2024.

10. Banyan Security

Banyan Security, recently acquired by SonicWall, provides a Zero Trust Network Access (ZTNA) solution focused on securing remote access to applications and resources. It is known for strong visibility and auditing features along with a user-friendly experience.

Most mentioned overall product benefits:

• Good visibility and auditing features

• Easy to use

• More affordable than competitors

Drawbacks:

• Integration challenges

• Higher costs for some features

• False positives in security alerts

• Some rough edges in the platform

Disclaimer: This product review is based on information provided on VPN review sites and social networking forums such as Gartner, G2, Capterra and Reddit, as well as customer feedback shared on these platforms, accessed on September 6, 2024.

Key features to look for in a firewall

Focus on features that provide strong network protection while meeting the specific needs of your business. The right firewall solution should offer visibility, easy integration, and scalability to ensure nothing gets misconfigured as your company grows:

1. Visibility and control. A good firewall solution needs to provide deep insight into your network traffic and applications, especially for businesses needing access control to meet regulations. Next-generation firewalls with strong threat intelligence can help you stay compliant.

2. Easy integrations. Ensure the firewall provider offers solutions that integrate well with your current systems, like deep packet inspection tools or data centers. It should strengthen your overall network security by fitting smoothly with your other security features.

3. Updates and maintenance. Choose firewall vendors that provide regular updates and proactive product development. Focus on solutions that are frequently updated, well-maintained, and show consistent growth. Providers should offer public release notes, regular updates, and clear communication with customers. It’s crucial to ensure that security features stay current. Automated updates and clear versioning also reduce manual work for IT teams,

4. Hybrid network support. If your business operates across both on-premises and cloud setups, choose a firewall solution that supports hybrid infrastructures.

5. Scalability. As your business grows, your firewall solution should scale without significant cost increases. For example, as your setup becomes more complex, you’ll need more firewall rules. It’s wise to check the number of rules included in each plan before purchasing, as the cost difference between plans can sometimes be steep. This helps maintain strong network protection as your infrastructure expands.

When picking a firewall, focus on features that offer strong security and fit your setup. Prioritize solutions with automation features to reduce manual work. It will save time and help manage security across complex infrastructures.

How to choose the best firewall for your business

When picking the right firewall for your company, you need to weigh several important factors:

1. Security needs. Start by assessing your network security risks. If you’re a larger organization facing more threats, choose a next-generation firewall with a strong intrusion prevention system, advanced threat intelligence, and encryption to protect sensitive data across all layers. Smaller businesses should focus on essential features like packet filtering, malware defense, and network monitoring without overcomplicating the setup. Make sure the firewall solution aligns with the size and complexity of your network to avoid unnecessary costs or gaps in protection.

2. Ease of use. The firewall should be easy to deploy and manage, especially if your IT resources are limited. Network firewalls with simple, user-friendly interfaces can reduce the time spent on managing network protection. Opt for solutions that offer automation for tasks like network traffic monitoring, deep packet inspection, and access control to save time.

3. Support. Reliable customer support is crucial when setting up and maintaining a firewall. A firewall vendor that provides 24/7 support ensures issues are resolved quickly, minimizing downtime. If your business uses data centers or hybrid cloud setups, look for a vendor that offers proactive support to avoid misconfigurations and keep your security features running smoothly.

4. Cost. While the price is important, consider the long-term value. Cheaper options may lack the scalability and advanced features you’ll need as your business grows. Make sure the solution can scale with your business, especially if you expand your data centers or cloud environments, without incurring hefty costs when upgrading.

5. Compatibility. Ensure the firewall integrates seamlessly with your existing infrastructure, whether it’s cloud services, VPNs, or identity management systems. A firewall that works well with other security tools, such as intrusion prevention systems and threat management platforms, strengthens your overall network security and prevents integration issues.

6. Performance and scalability. As your business grows and network traffic increases, your firewall must be able to handle the additional load without sacrificing performance. Whether securing sensitive resources or managing remote access, the firewall should maintain consistent network protection and scale efficiently to meet your evolving needs.

Overall, different firewall solutions suit different business needs. Large options like Fortinet and Palo Alto are ideal for enterprises. Mid-sized businesses may find NordLayer or Perimeter 81 effective, while Todyl targets MSPs and MSSPs. Smaller options like Banyan Security fit smaller budgets. Choose based on your security needs and resources.

Disclaimer: The information in this article is provided for informational purposes only. It is based on publicly available third-party reviews, user feedback, and online sources accessed on September 6, 2024, and should not be considered definitive or permanent. While we strive for accuracy and completeness, Nord Security Inc. and its affiliates make no guarantees regarding the information’s accuracy, completeness, or suitability. We do not undertake, warrant, or represent that any product, or its feature, is or will remain publicly regarded as better or worse than other alternatives, serve any purpose, has mentioned features, benefits, strengths, and limitations for any period of time. Product features, pricing, and other details may change, and we advise readers to verify these directly with vendors. We disclaim any liability to any party for any errors, omissions, or actions taken based on this information. The inclusion of competitor products does not imply affiliation or endorsement, and all trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners. Readers should conduct their research and seek independent advice before making purchasing decisions.

Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) and firewalls are two of the most common and vital cybersecurity tools. Both security tools defend against external threats. However, they use different methods and play complementary roles.

If you are confused about VPNs and next-generation firewalls (NGFWs), now is the perfect time to learn. This blog will introduce firewalls and VPNs and help you choose the correct security measures for your business network.

What is a firewall and how does it work?

A firewall is a security tool that filters traffic at the network perimeter.

Pre-defined rules allow or deny traffic at the network edge. Deny and allow rules work in tandem to protect network assets and optimize performance.

Firewall users start with default actions applying to all traffic. Users then specify controls as needed by creating new rules. This provides flexibility to allow or deny access.Traditional firewalls analyze data packets before they reach network devices (or leave corporate networks). Businesses can implement them as hardware devices or choose as a software firewall installed on network servers.

Whatever style you choose, firewalls have significant security benefits. Business advantages include:

• Perimeter security: Companies can set rules to admit only authorized identities to access specific environments or services. Employees or trusted partners can access network resources relevant to their roles. The firewall enforces these rules, limiting or completely denying access to other resources, both to insiders and outsiders. This way, the firewall ensures that insiders have specific access rights based on what they need or don’t need for their role.”

• Content filtering: DNS-level firewalls can filter web traffic and block undesirable websites without compromising performance. Firewalls create segmented zones throughout the network where content is tightly controlled, ensuring different departments have appropriate access. For instance, social media may be restricted, but the marketing department could retain access if needed. Firewalls can also block the transmission of document formats or executable files, cutting the risk of phishing attacks.

Firewall capabilities vary, and companies must pick a solution to suit their security needs.

Basic firewalls assess surface information like IP address data. Stateful firewalls use contextual information to discover malicious traffic. Next-generation firewalls (NGFWs) are more powerful, adding capabilities like Deep Packet Inspection, sandboxing, and AI-powered application awareness.

Finally, cloud firewalls take NGFW functions and apply them to virtualized environments. These software firewalls reside in cloud environments but aren’t limited to SaaS security. Cloud firewalls are fully compatible with both physical and cloud-based networks, making them ideal for hybrid environments. They provide all-around protection, handling all firewall needs across various infrastructures.

What is a VPN and how does it work?

A Virtual Private Network encrypts data as it passes between your device and the VPN server, securing it across the internet. VPNs anonymize traffic by assigning data packets new IP addresses. End-to-end encrypted tunnels work with IP address reassignment to mask your identity. VPNs hide your browsing history from ISPs and enable organizations to test localized content and campaigns in different virtual locations conveniently.

VPN users install client software on their devices. Clients encrypt data and establish connections with VPN servers, which assign IP addresses. The server then routes traffic to its destination via the standard internet service provider.

VPNs became famous as individual users sought to evade geo-blockers and government censorship. However, nowadays, businesses use VPNs not only to secure network traffic but also to test localized content and campaigns in different virtual locations conveniently.

Benefits of using a VPN for business include:

• Secure remote access: Remote workers may send confidential data via public Wi-Fi or other unprotected networks, such as those in cafes, airports, or conferences. These are highly vulnerable environments, making VPNs mandatory to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks, which can lead to network breaches and sensitive data leaks. A remote access VPN secures remote connections, ensuring data safety while employees maintain flexibility.

  However, a simple business VPN alone may not be enough to ensure secure access and file transmission. Advanced VPN features, such as site-to-site or Smart Remote Access (SRA), provide stronger security.

  Additionally, advanced configurations can offer a unified IP address for the entire organization, simplifying IP allowlisting and enhancing network and resource access security.

• Safe file transmission: Companies often send sensitive documents and assets to partners and clients. More advanced VPN providers enable secure file transmission. Site-to-site encryption and SRA protect confidential data while making it available to relevant users.

• Unified IP addresses. Advanced VPN configurations provide a unified IP address for the entire organization. This makes IP allowlisting possible and easy to manage and use. Allowlisting increases network and resource access security.

Differences between firewalls and VPNs

The main difference between firewalls and VPNs is that firewalls filter traffic at the network edge. On the other hand, Virtual Private Networks create a secure connection over the external internet.

Imagine a medieval castle. Firewalls defend your castle, only admitting friends. VPNs are like armor, protecting knights outside the walls as they carry messages throughout the land.

Beyond that general distinction, differences between firewalls and VPNs include:

• VPNs protect your privacy while sending and receiving data. Firewalls block malicious or suspect traffic, but they do not encrypt or anonymize traffic.

• VPNs use end-to-end encryption, which conceals the contents of data packets. Traditional firewalls don’t encrypt data; they only track and filter traffic according to firewall rules.

• Advanced next-generation firewalls (NGFWs) can detect malware before it enters the network, while VPNs do not actively scan for cyber threats.

• Firewalls enhance network security not only by handling external threats but also by controlling access to prevent internal threats. They stop lateral movement across the network and help prevent accidental data leaks. VPNs make data transfers more secure.

When to use a VPN vs. a firewall

Firewalls and VPNs have different use cases. Knowing how and when to use them effectively is critically important.

Use a Virtual Private Network when you:

• Need to secure remote access connections over public networks. VPNs allow secure connections from public Wi-Fi and home offices.

• Need to secure file transfers across the internet. Encrypted tunnels ensure that the transfer channels remain secure and confidential, preventing unauthorized access. This means that VPNs protect the transfer channels and do not act as a method for sending files.

• Worry about corporate espionage or surveillance. With a VPN, outsiders cannot monitor your online activity.

• Need to connect different work locations. Site-to-site VPN services securely connect distant offices, factories, or stores.

Use a firewall when you:

• Need to apply network segmentation to protect critical assets.

• Need to filter traffic entering or leaving your network.

• Need to implement access control lists and exclude unauthorized users or devices.

• Have specific content filtering needs. For example, schools may want to block any adult content at the network edge.

Firewall vs. VPN: does your business need both?

Firewalls and VPNs are different tools. However, the firewall versus VPN division is misleading. In most instances, using both will enhance your network security.

Firewalls provide a first line of defense to filter traffic entering and leaving the network. They detect malware, identify unauthorized access requests, and control the flow of sensitive data.

VPNs supplement these firewall functions. They hide user IP addresses and encrypt data, complicating life for external attackers. With a dependable Virtual Private Network, your data will remain private as it passes from remote work locations to central offices.

Firewalls police the boundary of your network. They exclude threats before they can cause harm. VPNs extend protection outside the network perimeter. Users can browse the web without adding extra cybersecurity risks.

Enhance your security with NordLayer’s business VPN and cloud firewall

Traditional firewalls don’t work well in modern business contexts. The rise of the cloud complicates cybersecurity. Data no longer resides locally, and employees access resources from many locations

NordLayer provides a comprehensive solution that adapts to your business needs. Whether you need a simple VPN, a site-to-site VPN, or advanced features like cloud firewalls, Deep Packet Inspection (DPI), and DNS filtering, our tools offer complete protection and network segmentation.

Our security solutions allow you to start with VPNs and later add firewalls, DNS filtering, DPI, and even Download Protection as your security needs evolve. This full suite of features meets the definition of Next-Generation Firewalls, with the added flexibility to enable each feature separately or all together, based on your needs. NordLayer ensures that your security grows with your business, providing a long-term, adaptable solution.

With NordLayer, you can easily lock down critical assets, segment networks, and protect both on-premises and cloud resources. Secure remote access is simple to implement, reducing the risk of data breaches. Whether you need VPNs, firewalls, or a complete NGFW solution, NordLayer’s adaptable tools have you covered.

Next-generation cybersecurity is available for all. Find out more by contacting NordLayer today.

Frequently asked questions

Does a VPN solve firewall needs?

Firewalls and VPNs have different use cases and play complementary security roles. Firewalls filter incoming and outgoing traffic, allowing you to apply network segmentation and block dangerous traffic. VPNs, on the other hand, shield network traffic via an encrypted tunnel.

Firewalls cannot be used as a replacement for VPNs or vice versa. They are discrete tools with separate uses. Only deploy them if you have a solid use case for doing so.

What comes first, VPN or firewall?

Companies usually adopt VPNs first. VPNs are simple to operate and provide a reliable level of protection. Employees can get to grips with VPNs quickly, and everyone understands the role they play.

More mature organizations often use firewalls as they require more complex configuration and maintenance.

However, the answer isn’t always straightforward. VPNs and firewalls address different security needs, so the implementation strategy should reflect the specific requirements of your company. It’s important to assess your needs carefully and implement the right tools for your situation.

What is the difference between a VPN server and a VPN firewall?

A VPN server processes network traffic and assigns the client a new IP address for the session. VPN servers also establish encrypted tunnels between clients and servers to protect the user’s data and identity.

While a VPN firewall can be configured to allow only VPN traffic, this is not its only purpose. A VPN firewall functions similarly to a regular firewall but with added rules or configurations specific to VPN traffic.

A VPN firewall functions like a standard firewall but includes additional rules and configurations specific to VPN traffic. This allows admins to combine VPN and firewall protection seamlessly. While it can be configured to allow or block only authorized VPN traffic, its purpose extends beyond that. It provides the same filtering and security features as a regular firewall, with added capabilities for managing and securing VPN traffic.

Can a firewall block a VPN?

Yes. VPNs may use network ports that firewalls automatically block. For example, the PPTP protocol uses TCP port 1723, and the OpenVPN protocol uses UDP port 1194. Firewalls identify traffic passing through those ports as suspicious and may prevent network access. Port blocking makes it vital to configure firewalls before adding VPN protection.